Atoms, Moles, Formulae and Equations

Atomic Structure:
This refers to the way an atom is made up of which includes protons, electrons and neutrons
Proton: this is the part of an atom that is positively charged.
Neutrons; this is the part of an atom that is neutrally charged
Electrons: this is the part of an atom that is negatively charged.
Below is a simplification of the popular John Dalton's atomic theory which was propounded in the year 1808.
Fun question: ask your friend if he/she knows John Dalton.
Alright, below is Dalton's atomic Structure theory
Below are some of the criticisms of John Dalton's atomic Structure theory
The picture above describes the structure of an atom in details but if their is any question or confusion, feel free to comment and you will get your reply within 24 hours.
Quantum Number
There are four main quantum numbers, which are
1. Principal Quantum number: it is denoted by'n'and determines the energy levels of the atoms. The shells are K,L,M,N,O and Q, which mean 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, respectively.
2. The subsidiary- it is also called azimuthal quantum number. It shows the energy sub levels in each shell. It ranges from O to (n-1). It is represented by L.
3. Magnetic- it is represented by 'm' and shows the orientation of the shells. It ranges from-L through O to L.
4. Spin- it shows the spinning of the electrons. It is represented by 's' and has value-- ½ and ½.
Take away: maximum possible number of of electrons in a shell is 2n².
Example
Arrangement of Electrons in an Atom
It is governed by two rules
1. Hund's rule- it states that electrons filling an orbital will first exist singly before pairing.
2. Pauli exclusion principal- it states that not more than two electrons will occupy an orbital and these two electrons must spin in opposite direction.
Example: the example below contains both an example and the modern electronic configuration
Moving on,
Atomic number- is the number of proton in the nucleus of an atom. Z represents it.
Mass Number- is the sum of proton and neutron present in the necleus of an Atom. A represents it.
Isotopy- isotope is a phenomenon in which atoms of an element possesses the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to differences in the number of nuetrons
E.g 16 O 8 and 17 O 8
The O there means Oxygen
The 16 and 17 are the mass Numbers
The 8 and 8 are the atomic numbers which are the same.
In the example above, 16and17 are the mass numbers, while 8and8 are the atomic numbers.
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Periodic table: The latest periodic table was the arrangement of Elements in the increasing order of their relative atomic mass.
Modern periodic law states that the property of an element is the periodic function of it's atomic number.
What are transition elements
They are elements found between elements in group two and three.
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Characteristics of transition elements
1. They have variable valencies
2.
They have high melting point3. They are paramagnetic
4. they change color in solution. Thanks
Wow thanks I actually got my periodic table today, thanks.
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